Currently, digital modeling of the studied objects is an
integral part of the research. Here modeling is a method of studying objects of
cognition with the help of their mathematical description, a way of
constructing and studying real-world phenomena and concentrated objects based
on mathematical formulas. It can be attributed to one of the general scientific
methods of cognition, along with observation, measurement, experiment and
comparison.
Simulation is often a convenient solution to practical problems
[1-6]. The construction of various models is used in situations where
experiments with real systems are impossible or unreasonable, for example, due
to the duration of the experiment in full time or high cost [1-7].
The process consists in the development and execution on a
computer of a software system that reflects the structure and functioning of
the simulated object or phenomenon in time [6-9].
The computer simulation of a system is usually understood as
the reproduction and study of another object, similar to the original, in a
form convenient for research, and the transfer of the obtained information to
the object being modeled.
There are several well-established simulation approaches:
system dynamics method; discrete-event method; agent-based modeling method.
The method of system dynamics targets creation of accurate
computer models of complex systems in order to design a more effective
organization and policy of relationships with this system [10].
System-dynamic models are used in long-term, strategic models
and take a high level of abstraction. People, products, events and other
discrete elements are represented in the models of system dynamics not as
individual elements, but as a system as a whole.
If individual elements of the model are important, then an
agent-based or discrete-event modeling is used for full or partial processing
of the model.
The discrete-event method (process-oriented) allows
abstracting from the continuous nature of phenomena and considering only some
"important moments" ("events") in the life of the simulated
system. The approach to the construction of simulation models, which suggests
approximating real processes with such events, is called
"discrete-event" modeling.
In this method, the functioning of the system is represented
as a chronological sequence of events. The event occurs at a certain point in
time and marks a change in the state of the system. Using this method, queuing
systems can be investigated [10].
The agent modeling method explores the behavior of
decentralized agents and how such behavior determines the behavior of the
entire system as a whole. Unlike system dynamics, the analyst determines the
behavior of agents at the individual level, and global behavior arises as a
result of the activity of many agents (bottom-up modeling). The agent model is
a series of interacting active objects that reflect objects and relationships
in the real world, simplify the understanding and management of complex social
and business processes.
The highway network (road network) is a complex, large-scale
system that is designed to ensure year-round safe traffic [11]. The road
network is the basis for the functioning of the economy and society through the
movement of people, goods and services. Today we can say about the existing
imbalance between the demand in the transport industry and the supply in it.
Traffic flows in large cities reach their limits, and the capacity of roads
decreases [12, 13].
The task of effective traffic management is becoming more
actual every year. The constant growth in the number of cars and the volume of
traffic requires the improvement of methods and algorithms for traffic control.
Such improvement becomes possible due to the ubiquity of global navigation and
positioning systems [14].
The efficiency of the transport system is influenced by
external and internal factors. External factors include the growing level of
motorization of the population and the development of transport networks. Let's
list the internal factors: optimization of urban transport routes; optimization
of traffic flows on urban roads; improvement of interaction between vehicles
and pedestrians [15]. The interaction of cars and pedestrians is controlled by
pedestrian crossings and traffic lights on the roads.
The visual analysis deals with development of a visualization
pipeline that allows you to present the data in a visual form [16].
Our paper is devoted to the problem of optimizing intersection
management based on changing the phases of traffic lights. Quantitative and
calculated indicators are usually used to assess the effectiveness of solving
the task. In our case, such indicators as the number of transport units in
different directions, the number of pedestrians, average speed of traffic, the
mode of operation of traffic lights are suitable [13].
Visualization helps to visually evaluate such indicators and
can save you from the procedure of additional calculations.
We formulate criteria for the effectiveness of such tools by
comparing them to existing approaches [17-20]. Firstly, visualization tools
allow choosing the optimal mode of operation of traffic lights without
statistical processing of graphs that represent the cars and pedestrians
dynamics. Secondly, compared to mathematical programming methods the based on
simulation visual analysis allows solving the problem of optimizing traffic
control at an intersection without strict formal restrictions and allows
optimization by several indicators (parameters). Finally, by applying the
visualization of the traffic model at the intersection, the analyst can quickly
and visually assess the ability of the intersection to skip the maximum flows
of cars and pedestrians, as well as the spatial efficiency of the intersection.
In addition, visualization is very important for a clear and
understandable display of the dynamics of changes in the parameters of the
model or system over time. Usually, simple two-dimensional visual images are
used in this case: graphs, charts, histograms. But we are faced with the task
of multi-criteria optimization of a multicomponent transport model in dynamics,
and then visual interpretation of the results obtained. Our experiments can
lead to a significant increase in the amount of data on the management of the
intersection, complicating their structure. As a result, it may turn out that
the sources of information will become complex in structure. Therefore, the
tasks of optimizing the transport model require new tools that allow combining
visualization and analysis of multidimensional, multicomponent and structurally
complex data on the situation and events at the intersection. The AnyLogic
development environment provides such tools. AnyLogic visualization tools can
be used in various fields where it is necessary to visualize the dynamics of
multidimensional data for traffic control at an intersection [5, 21, 22].
The visual analysis based on the simulation helps a person to
make an optimization decision on the management of the intersection without
additional calculations and statistical data processing.
The object of optimization of the transport network of a
megalopolis can be an intersection or a network of intersections [2, 23-25].
This paper
sets the task of modeling
the load on the intersection of four roads. Each of the roads contains several
lanes (rows), cars move in both directions. Traffic lights ensure the passage
of cars on both roads, including left and right turns of cars, as well as
pedestrians crossing these roads. Each phase of the traffic light lasts a
certain number of seconds.
The simulation is used to study the nature of
congestion that occurs at the intersection of highways and their resolution,
depending on the density of traffic flows and modes of operation of traffic
lights. Cars should appear at the ends of each of the roads randomly, drive
along them at the speed set when they appear, slowing down and stopping, if
necessary, at the intersection, and disappearing after driving the entire road
at its opposite end.
The purpose of the simulation is to study various
modes of operation of traffic lights and search for their optimal operation
mode. The results of such modeling are important, since unsuccessful management
leads to an undesirable effect of traffic jams on the road, when the flow of
traffic entering the intersection cannot overcome it.
To achieve this goal, the authors
propose to use simulation and visualization tools for modelling the movement of
objects of the AnyLogic development environment [1, 2], which provides a
multi-agent modeling approach.
Using the tools of the AnyLogic software
system to solve the problem of optimizing intersection management, visual
images of the intersection, roads, pedestrians, cars, traffic lights were
created, properties and parameters of roads, movement of cars and pedestrians
on roads, switching phases of traffic lights were configured. The tools of the
AnyLogic development environment provided visualization of the logic of the
intersection model in the road network, the process of traffic, rules and
restrictions for traffic participants, actions when changing the phases of
traffic lights.
We believe that the simulation tools
of the AnyLogic development environment allow us to offer a new visual approach
to solving the problems of multi-criteria optimization of the transport model
based on visualization of the results of traffic control experiments with many
participants.
In the tasks of optimizing the
management of the intersection of the transport system, it is important to
consider the different actions of all participants, especially when changing
the phases of traffic lights, which is very difficult to perform when using
methods of mathematical programming [17, 19, 20] and statistical data
processing [26, 27]. And visualization with the help of the AnyLogic software
system provides the decision-maker with various actions and operations on
objects of the certain transport network. At the same time, the person will see
a clear picture that changes depending on his actions and operations with
roads, cars, pedestrians, traffic lights. In addition, AnyLogic tools provide
additional information by visually presenting two-dimensional graphs for
various traffic characteristics such as the number of cars on the roads, the
number of stops per car, the average speed of car traffic, and so on.
With the help of AnyLogic
visualization tools, the optimization results can be presented in a form that
ensures the effectiveness of the tasks of management of the intersection of
roads of the megalopolis transport network. This form is commonly called data
visualization [28]. This form allows researchers to distill large data sets
into visual graphics and thus provide an understanding of the complex
relationships within the data. Visualization tools, in contrast to the usual
graphical interface, provide: brevity (the ability to simultaneously display a
large number of different types of data); relativity and proximity (the ability
to show clusters in the query results, the relative sizes of groups, the
similarity and difference of groups, drop-down values). The main purpose of
visualization is to simplify and speed up the perception of information. The
chosen format should contribute to this, not hinder it.
AnyLogic tools allow performing visual
data analysis in the tasks of optimizing the transport model of the
intersection. Visual data analysis helps a person to interact directly with the
results of the study, to create conclusions based on a descriptive
representation of the data, to understand their essence [29].
Compared to the approaches of data
mining [29] and statistical data processing [26, 27], visual analysis is
intuitive and does not require complex mathematical or statistical algorithms
for processing experimental results. Therefore, the use of visualization can
give a better result than statistical and automatic methods of data analysis
[29].
The AnyLogic development environment
consists of many libraries for process modeling [1, 2]. In particular, it is
possible to simulate road traffic [2, 23, 24, 30]. The traffic library is used
to solve our optimization problem.
The following blocks were used for
visualization: Car Source – creating cars; Car Move To –controlling the
movement of cars; Car Dispose – removing cars from the model; Traffic Light –
traffic light model; Road Network Descriptor –managing all vehicles located in
the same road network; Ped Source – creating pedestrians; Ped Go To – mandatory
transition pedestrians to a given place in the simulated space; Ped Sink –
removal of pedestrians entering the object from the simulated environment; Ped
Area Descriptor – description of the area that defines the rules and/or sets
limits on the speed of walkers.
The proposed model consists of three
components: 1) spatial representation of the intersection; 2) traffic light
signal control system; 3) behavior of car drivers. Multi-agent modeling
technology is used to build the model.
The default model has one agent type, Main, and a
Simulation experiment. Agents are the main building blocks of the AnyLogic
model. The Main agent serves as the place where the logic of the model is set:
the road network is located here and the traffic is set on the process diagram.
You can add a satellite image of the road to the model (Fig. 1). AnyLogic
allows you to build roads and other objects (Fig. 2). In the properties panel
(Fig. 3), you can configure the road parameters: the number of lanes, width and
color of the dividing strip.
The process of transport movement is set using
diagrams from blocks. Each block specifies a specific operation that will be
performed on cars passing through the diagram.
The process diagram in AnyLogic is created by
adding library objects from the palette to the graphical diagram, connecting
their ports and changing the values of block properties in accordance with the
requirements of the model (Fig. 4).
The properties of the car generation unit are
shown in Fig. 5.
For the model to work correctly, you need to
create its 3D animation. By default, cars are displayed as rectangles. You can
set a different shape for cars. To do this, the "Car type" is dragged
into the graphic editor. In the dialog box that opens, the "car" type
is selected. Next, the Main diagram highlights the Car Source block in the
graphical editor; the "Car" section in the Properties panel is opened
and Car is selected from the "New Car" drop-down list.
Restrictions have been added to the scheme so that
pedestrians do not move randomly on the road. It is possible to conduct
experiments on traffic regulation. A snapshot of the animation is shown in Fig.
6. Traffic lights control traffic on all roads.
Fig. 1. Image in Main
Fig. 2. Available
objects
Fig. 3. Road
properties
Fig. 4. Blocks for
the diagram
Fig. 5. Properties of
the Car Source block
Fig. 6. Animation
Four traffic lights control only the movement of pedestrians
(pedestrians move in five directions). The results of the AnyLogic software
system for the first experiment are shown in Fig. 7-13.
Fig. 7. Data on the
movement of cars in the first experiment for the first and second traffic
lights
Fig. 8. Data on the
movement of cars in the first experiment for the third and fourth traffic
lights
Fig. 9. Pedestrian
traffic data in the first experiment
Fig. 10. The number
of machines in the system of the first experiment
Fig. 11. Average time
in the system of the first experiment, seconds
Fig. 12. Number of
stops per car in the first experiment
Fig. 13. Average
speed in the first experiment, km/h
Four traffic lights control traffic on all roads.
A snapshot of the phases for one traffic light is shown in Fig. 14. The results
of the AnyLogic system for the second experiment are presented in Fig. 15-19.
Fig. 14. Traffic
light phases
Fig. 15. Snapshot of
the model's operation
Fig. 16. The number
of machines in the system of the second experiment
Fig. 17. Average time
in the system of the second experiment, seconds
Fig. 18. Number of
stops per car in the second experiment
Fig. 19. Average
speed in the second experiment, km/h
From the graphs (Fig. 16-19) it can be seen that
the average time in the system of the second experiment decreased compared to
the first experiment, the number of stops per car also decreased, the average speed
increased.
It is possible to create an optimization
experiment in the AnyLogic software system (Fig. 20). The initial data for
optimization is shown in Fig. 21. Four parameters have been created: parameter
p1
allows movement on the western road, parameter p2
– on
the northern, parameter p3
– on the eastern, parameter p4
– on the southern. These parameters will vary in the range from 5 to 90 during
the experiment.
The optimization results are shown in Fig. 22. It
follows from the results of the experiment that the best values for the
parameters are: p1
=65, p2
=35, p3
=50, p4
=20.
Traffic data is displayed in the form of graphs, which are shown in Fig. 23-26.
Fig. 20. Selection of
an optimization experiment in the Any Logic system
Fig. 21. Input data
of the optimization experiment
Fig. 22. Output data
of the optimization experiment
Fig. 23. The number
of machines in the system of the optimization experiment
Fig. 24. Average time
in the system of the optimization experiment, seconds
Fig. 25. Number of
stops per car in the optimization experiment
Fig. 26. Average
speed in the optimization experiment, km/h
The concept of optimization can be viewed from different
angles. For construction issues, the effectiveness of optimization methods can
be expressed by minimizing construction costs. In our experiments, the
distribution of traffic flows can be distinguished by the set
,
where
−
the set of time-varying values of the average speed in km/h,
−
the set of time-varying values of the number of stops per car,
−
the set of time-varying values of the number of machines,
−
the set of multiple values in dynamics of the average time in seconds,
–
numerical values of weight coefficients, respectively, of the sets
,
and denote
F
as an optimization criterion for four sets
.
In special cases, you can assign the highest weight to some set. In our three
experiments, the weight coefficients were assigned by values
.
Let’s discuss the three described experiments on modeling the
loading of the road network. As a result of the optimization (simulation)
experiment, the optimal value of the traffic light phases for the intersection
was automatically found (see Fig. 22). If the traffic intensity of cars
changes, the experiment can be repeated.
The article considers the problem of visualizing the solution
to the problem of optimizing the transport network of a megalopolis.
The features of visualization of the simulated data are that
it is necessary to look at and try all the variants of the model, and there are
an infinite number of them, then choose the best option. These features impose
limitations on the use of traditional statistical processing of graphs, since
during statistical processing it is necessary to discard the worst and best
modeling results. And among the discarded results, there may be just the most
suitable one for managing a specific intersection or intersections. Therefore, it
is necessary to create and use new tools for simulation modeling of transport
systems, visualization and visual analysis of the results of optimizing the
management of the intersection of roads of the transport network. Such tools
clearly and quickly show the result of optimization, allow making decisions
about changing the control of traffic light phases sooner. At the same time,
all possible solutions are analyzed, including the best and worst, as opposed
to statistical processing.
Visualization allows in real time see and visually, directly,
analyze the impact of such indicators on traffic at the intersection. Without
visualization, it would be necessary to obtain calculated values of indicators
based on statistical processing of experimental results. In the case of
analytical or numerical analysis, we would have to switch to dimensionless
parameters, which is quite a difficult problem. In visual analysis, the
transition to a dimensionless task is not required. We believe that simulation
modeling tools and visualization tools built into them are the basis for
optimizing traffic control at the intersection. Visualization and visual
analysis make the results of optimizing intersection management clear and
visual to the decision-maker.
To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach to solving
the optimization problem using AnyLogic visualization tools, a number of
experiments were conducted in the author's modeling environment. The average
speed, the number of stops per car, the number of cars, and the average time
were used as performance indicators. As a result, our approach has shown good
results, providing a higher throughput of the intersection by adjusting the
phases of traffic lights (10-15% as follows from the comparison of the results
of the first and third experiments).
In the presence of intersections with a large flow, traffic
lights are often installed. For effective use of traffic lights, it is
necessary to optimize the phases of their operation, accounting the directions
of movement. To simulate the operation of traffic lights at an intersection, we
use the AnyLogic simulation environment. The AnyLogic platform includes various
libraries that allow you to build models and optimize their parameters. In
AnyLogic, you can set certain restrictions for movement. The user-friendly
interface and numerous support tools for model development in AnyLogic make not
only the use, but also the creation of computer simulation models in this
modeling environment accessible even for beginners. Therefore, the AnyLogic
development environment can be used in the educational process to study, for
example, information technologies in transport logistics.
The article considered the problem of optimization of the
transport network. To achieve the task, a simulation model of the transport
system was built, including cars moving in different directions, and also the
optimization criterion
F
is proposed. The paper considers the issues of
visualization of the results of an optimization experiment based on the
AnyLogic development environment. The optimization experiment showed that it is
possible to set the optimal phases of the traffic light cycle with high accuracy
and minimal time costs, which will eventually increase the intensity of traffic
flows and eliminate the appearance of traffic jams on the road. The results can
be used in practice, in the road sector.
This topic has already been covered in science from different
angles [10-15, 23-26, 30, 31]. The novelty of our research lies in the fact
that a model has been developed that allows, on the basis of visual analysis,
without significant financial and time resources, to solve issues of traffic
management on the ground, including optimizing traffic management at
intersections.
From the comparison of the results of the first and third
(optimization) experiments, it follows that after implementation in practice,
the capacity of the road network can increase by 10-15% only due to the
regulation of traffic light phases. In the book [2, p. 360] it is stated that
"...optimization of the management of the company's transport fleet allows
you to reduce costs compared to work at the level of experience and intuition
by up to 25%."
The use of visualization tools and other AnyLogic tools gives
certain advantages: low cost of implementation; visual predictable results; the
opportunity to try all the variants of the model and choose the best one.
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